The
Joel
(NIV)
By
Syd Cleveland
(©
1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and Revised
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THE WORD OF THE LORD = This phrase was used by at least ten Old
Testament prophets to indicate they were divinely inspired: Jeremiah 1:2; Ezekiel 1:3; Hosea
1:1; Jonah 1:1; Micah 1:1; Zephaniah 1:1; Haggai 1:1; Zechariah 1:1; Malachi
1:1. The pre-incarnate Christ is called
“the Word” in John 1:1.
LORD = The Hebrew “YHVH”
(Strongs #H3068) are the consonants of one of God’s Old Testament
names. These four consonants are
properly referred to as the “Tetragrammaton” (a Greek word meaning
“four letters”), and are often pronounced “Jehovah” or
“Yahweh.” However, the lack of vowels make the correct pronunciation
uncertain. The ancient Jews generally
substituted synonyms, such as “Adonay,” instead of pronouncing this
sacred name.
Jehovah’s Witnesses and others who overly
emphasize the “YHVH” as THE name of God overlook two simple Bible
facts: (1) there are more than 600 names for God recorded in the
Scriptures. These include names such:
“El,” “El Elyon,” “”El Olam,”
“Elohim,” “El Shaddai,” “Adonay” and so on. (2) Furthermore, when Moses asked God to tell
him His name, God replied: “I AM WHO I AM … this is My name forever, the name by which I am to be remembered
from generation to generation” (Exodus
JOEL = The Hebrew “jo-el” (Strongs #H3100) means
“The Lord is God.”
Joel 1:2
ELDERS = The Hebrew “zaqen” (Strongs #H2205) means
“old men” and is also a title for the community leaders who sat at
the city gates. They are mentioned again
in verse 14. Joel pointed out that the
severe drought and locust plague (Joel 1:4) which was even then devastating
“Not
only for the purpose of calling the attention of the hearers to his address,
but still more to set forth the event of which he is about to speak as
something unheard of -- a thing that has never happened before, and therefore
is a judgment inflicted by God -- the prophet commences with the question
addressed to the old men, whose memory went the furthest back, and to all the
inhabitants of Judah, whether they had ever experienced anything of the kind,
or heard of such a thing from their fathers; and with the command to relate it
to their children, and grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. Note: ‘As he is inquiring concerning
the past according to the command of Moses in Deuteronomy 32:7, he asks the old
men, who have been taught by long experience, and are accustomed, whenever they
see anything unusual, to notice that this is not according to the ordinary
course of nature, which they have observed for so many years. And since this
existing calamity, caused by the insects named, has lasted longer and pressed
more heavily than usual, he admonishes them to carry their memory back to the
former days, and see whether anything of the kind ever happened naturally
before; and if no example can be found, the prophet's advice is, that they
should recognize this as the hand of God from heaven.’ -
Tarnov.” -- Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament.
THE LAND = Specifically this is the nation
of Judah to whom the prophet Joel ministered.
HAS ANYTHING LIKE THIS EVER HAPPENED IN YOUR DAYS = This rhetorical question demands the people reply:
“No! We have never seen or heard
of anything like this before!”
Joel 1:3
TELL IT TO YOUR CHILDREN = This is the
beginning of the recitation of an historical record that is so terrible it
would be passed down through the generations to come.
Joel 1:4
LOCUST SWARM = The Hebrew “arbeh” (Strongs #H697) means
“locust, grasshopper.”
Historians record that swarms of locusts have been so extensive in some
Middle Eastern and African locations that the locusts covered the sky and
darkened the sun (Joel 2:10). The
thought is that one swarm of locusts after another has devoured the
landscape. According to Scripture,
locusts are “kosher” and often eaten by starving people (Leviticus
HAVE EATEN = The destruction of all
vegetation and food is so complete that nothing is left. This destruction has come from God as a
punishment on the people (
GREAT LOCUST = The Hebrew “gazam” (Strongs #H1501)
means “locust, palmer worm.”
The idea is that not only have the locusts swarmed over the crops and
devoured everything, but even the stubble that is left is now devoured by great
worms.
YOUNG LOCUSTS = The Hebrew “yeleq” (Strongs #H3218)
means “young locust, caterpillar, canker worm.”
OTHER LOCUSTS = The Hebrew “chasyil” (Strongs #H2625)
means “smallest locust, caterpillar.” The complete destruction of all crops and
vegetation is accomplished by successively smaller and smaller insects which
devour even the “crumbs” left behind by the larger locusts.
“The
only thing that has any real significance is the number four, as the four kinds
of punishment in Jeremiah 15:3, and the four destructive judgments in Ezekiel 14:21, clearly show. The number four, ‘the stamp of oecumenicity’ (Kliefoth),
indicates here the spread of the judgment over the whole of
Joel 1:5
WAKE UP = The Hebrew “quts” (Strongs #H6974) means
“to awake abruptly from sleep.”
The idea is that the people are like drunkards who have been lulled into
thinking that they can continue to sin against God with impunity. Now, in the face of such national disaster,
they will be brought abruptly to their senses.
DRUNKARDS = The Hebrew “shikkor” (Strongs #H7910) means
“intoxicated, drunk.”
Drunkenness is the only specific sin mentioned by Joel,
and thus is a symbol of people who have become intoxicated by their
self-indulgent lifestyle. They have
focused on the material rather than on the spiritual. Both physical and spiritual drunkenness
clouds the mind, dulls the senses, and creates heartbreaks that only God can
cure. Drunkenness is severely prohibited
by God (Habakkuk
Historians tell us that the Israelites habitually
“cut” their wine by mixing it with two parts of water – thus
diluting the alcoholic content to the equivalent of what is now called
“near beer.” While wine is
naturally alcoholic, creation of strong liquors requires large quantities of sugar or honey that were
generally unavailable in Bible times.
Thus in order to become drunk, a person had to consciously imbibe large
quantities of wine or beer over a long period of time, at one setting. This indicates many drunkards enjoyed a very
leisurely lifestyle.
SNATCHED FROM YOUR LIPS = The Hebrew “karath” (Strongs
#H3772) means “to cut off, to cut out, withdraw.” The easy life has been snatched away –
even the grape arbors no longer produce wine (see Joel
Joel 1:6
A NATION = This “nation” is
the swarm of locusts which roll over the land like an army (Joel 1:4;
TEETH … FANGS = A close-up view of a locust’s mouth
shows it has enormous “teeth” and “fangs.” Also see Revelation 9:7-8.
Joel 1:8
VIRGIN = The Hebrew “bethulah” (“Strongs #H1330)
means “virgin, young woman.”
Here it refers to a young married woman, for she is “grieving for
the husband of her youth.”
Joel 1:9
GRAIN OFFERINGS = Grain offerings often consisted of cakes,
crackers, or pancakes which were baked or fried
(Leviticus 2:4-6).
DRINK OFFERINGS = Often consisted of about a quart of fermented
wine which was poured out onto an altar or fire (Numbers 15:7; Numbers 28:7).
ARE CUT OFF = This was a very serious breach of their covenant with
God.
“Now
Joel 1:11
DESPAIR YOU FARMERS = The Hebrew “bush” (Strongs #H954)
means “to be ashamed, disgraced, confused, to blush.” If the people would wake up to the real cause
of this disaster, they would be ashamed of themselves and blush!
WAIL YOU VINE GROWERS = The Hebrew “yalal” (Strongs
#H3213) means “to wail, howl.”
DESTROYED = The Hebrew “avadh” (Strongs #H6) means
“destroy, perish, lost, flee.”
It does not mean “annihilated” nor does it mean “cease
to exist.” It is the root word for
“Abaddon,” which is the Hebrew name of the angel of the Abyss (i.e.
Satan). See Revelation
Joel 1:13
SACKCLOTH = The Hebrew “saq” (Strongs #H8242) means
“a mesh” and refers to the coarse, loosely woven fabric of grain
bags. In times of mourning and despair
both humans and animals wore “sackcloth” (Jonah 3:8). Our English word “sack” is a
transliteration of this Hebrew word “saq.”
Joel 1:14
A HOLY FAST = Fasting is abstaining from food for a short period of
time while the believer is seeking a deeper experience with God. Also see Joel 2:12.
The Bible
describes three main forms of fasting: (1) The Normal Fast, involving the total
abstinence of food. Luke 4:2 reveals that Jesus “ate nothing.” Afterwards “He was hungry.” Jesus
abstained from food but not from water. (2) In Acts 9:9 we read of an Absolute
Fast where for three days Paul "did not eat nor drink anything." The
abstinence from both food and water seems to have lasted no more than three
days (Ezra 10:6; Esther 4:16). (3) In the Partial Fast of Daniel 10:3 the
emphasis is upon the avoidance of certain foods and luxuries rather than complete
abstinence. The context implies that there were physical benefits resulting
from this partial fast.
“Fasting is to be done with the object of seeking
to know God in a deeper experience (Isaiah 58; Zechariah 7:5). Fasting relates to a time of confession
(Psalm 69:10). Fasting can be a time of seeking a deeper prayer experience and
drawing near to God in prevailing prayer (Ezra 8:23; Joel 2:12).” – Holman Bible Dictionary
Jesus taught that fasting, like prayer and charity, is
a private spiritual matter which should not be noticed by the public (Matthew
6:16-18 compare with Matthew 6:1-8).
SACRED ASSEMBLY = In this time of disaster the people were to
gather at the Temple and “cry out to the Lord.” It is natural for Christians to assemble at
church during times of sorrow and calamity, as well as times of joy and
blessing.
Joel 1:15
THE DAY OF THE LORD IS NEAR = The Hebrew “qarob”
(Strongs #H7138) literally means “at hand, right upon us,
imminent.” The context makes it
clear that this event was very near, not 2,800 years in the future (see Joel
2:1). The destruction brought about by
the plague of locusts was a forecast of the destruction soon to come, if the
people did not heed this call to repentance.
Beginning in 853 B.C., Assyria troops began invading Israel and Judah
(for Shalmaneser’s raid see 1 Kings 20:26, 34). These military actions continued through
about 600 B.C. when the Assyrian Empire was replaced by the Babylonian Empire. Major Assyrian military actions which could
be associated with Joel’s predictions were carried out under Assyrians:
Adad-nirari III (810-738 B.C., 2 Kings 13:5-6); Tiglath-pilesar III (744-727
B.C., 2 Kings 17:24); Sargon (720-712 B.C., Isaiah 20:1). The Edomites attacked in 734 B.C. (2 Chronicles
28:17); and the Israeli army attacked Judah in 735 B.C. in an attempt to
overthrow King Ahaz and replace him with someone who was disloyal to the
Assyrians (2 Kings 16:2-6; Isaiah 7:1-6).
In 734 B.C., King Ahaz asked Tiglath-pilesar III for assistance, and the
Assyrian army virtually obliterated Israel (2 Kings 15:29; 2 Kings 16:10; 2
Chronicles 28:16, 20-22). The
Babylonians continued the invasions of Israel and Judah until the final
destruction of the nation occurred in 586 B.C.
LORD = The Hebrew consonants “YHWH” (Strongs #H3068) is
the “Tetragrammaton” and thought to be pronounced
“Yehowah,” but the name was never pronounced by the Hebrews. The commonly assumed pronunciation of “Jehovah,”
or “Yahweh,” cannot be correct because the Hebrew language does not
have the “Je” or “Ya” sounds. Pronunciation aside, “Yehowah” is
not God’s “true” name, as some teach, but rather it is His old
covenant name with the Israelites. There
are some 600 names for God in the Bible – two of which are mentioned in
this one text alone.
ALMIGHTY = The Hebrew “Shaddai” (Strongs #H7706) means
“the Almighty One, the Powerful One.”
Joel 1:18
EVEN THE FLOCKS OF SHEEP ARE SUFFERING = “Sheep are the last to
suffer, because they can even grub the grass roots out of the soil.”
– NIV Bible Study Notes, Zondervan
Joel 1:20
THE FIRE HAS DEVOURED = The complete destruction of the countryside
by the locusts is comparable to the destruction wrought by fire – nothing
is left but dust and ashes. See Joel
2:3, 5.
BLOW THE TRUMPET = These ancient trumpets were made out of a
ram’s horn and used to signal danger.
SOUND THE ALARM = The modern equivalent would be the sirens sounded
during a tornado warning.
ZION … HOLY HILL = A reference to the capital city,
Jerusalem. Even the city-dwellers were
suffering from the effects of the plague of locusts.
THE DAY OF THE LORD IS CLOSE AT HAND = See commentary on Joel 1:15.
Joel 2:2
DAY OF DARKNESS AND GLOOM …
BLACKNESS = The locust swarm literally darkens the sky.
LIKE DAWN SPREADING ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS = Like the dawn, this
“army” will come inexorably, relentless, without deviation. No one can out run it nor hide from it. The highest hill and the lowest valley will
be overrun.
Joel 2:3
FIRE … GARDEN OF EDEN … DESERT WASTE = The locusts
destroy like a fire passing through the land.
What was once a lush garden is now a desert waste (see Joel 1:20).
Joel 2:5
LIKE A CRACKLING FIRE = Appropriate to the sound of a swarm of
locusts.
Joel 2:7
MARCH IN A LINE = A swarm of locusts
has a distinct line of destruction as it passes through the land.
Joel 2:8
WITHOUT BREAKING RANKS = A similar
statement regarding locusts is made in Proverbs 30:27.
Joel 2:10
THE SUN AND MOON ARE DARKENED = Some cults have wrongly taught that
this refers to the darkening of the sun and moon prefacing the end of
time. But to arrive at that conclusion,
one must twist these texts out of their natural context. The darkening of “sun and moon”
is due to an extremely dense cloud of locusts back in the days of Joel, and not
to some supernatural cosmic event in our time.
See Joel 1:4; 2:2.
Joel 2:12
FASTING = See commentary notes on Joel 1:14.
Joel 2:13
REND YOUR HEART AND NOT YOUR GARMENTS = Tearing one’s
clothing was the sign of great sorrow and grief which was often carried to
public excess. It was common to hire
professional mourners at funerals (Ecclesiastes 12:5; Jeremiah 9:17-18; Matthew
9:23-24). Here the Lord calls for true
repentance rather than a hypocritical, public show. Repentance is more a matter of inward remorse
than outward demonstration. See Luke
18:10-14
GRACIOUS … COMPASSIONATE … SLOW TO ANGER …
ABOUNDING IN LOVE = These are the eternal characteristics of God which He
Himself proclaimed in Exodus 34:6-7, and demonstrated in John 3:16-17.
RELENTS FROM SENDING CALAMITY = The Hebrew “nacham”
(Strongs #H5162) means “to breathe deeply, to show compassion, to change
one’s mind, to change one’s conduct.” Here it indicates God’s compassion for
repentant sinners is deeply heart-felt.
God’s relenting is not a sterile legal transaction, but a deeply
emotional experience.
Joel 2:14
WHO KNOWS = A similar statement was made by the king of Nineveh in
the time of Jonah (Jonah 3:9).
Joel 2:15
BLOW THE TRUMPET = The call of the trumpet is repeated here (see
notes on Joel 2:1).
Joel 2:16
CONSECRATE THE ASSEMBLY = The Hebrew “qadhash” (Strongs
#H6942) means “consecrate, make or pronounce clean; be sacred.”
Joel 2:20
THE NORTHERN ARMY =
“The hordes
of locusts are pictured here as a vast army of
STENCH = The dying locusts give off a
stench that is smelled from
Joel 2:25
THE YEARS THE LOCUSTS HAVE EATEN = God restores what He has taken
from the people during the time of their unwillingness to repent. This is the miracle of human repentance and
divine forgiveness.
Joel 2:28
I WILL POUR OUT MY SPIRIT = See notes on Acts 1:5-6;
ON ALL PEOPLE = The Hebrew “kol” (Strongs #H3605) means
“the whole thing, all, everyone.”
Ever since Pentecost the Holy Spirit is poured out on all people
regardless of whether they are Jew or Gentile.
AFTERWARD ... WILL PROPHESY, ... WILL DREAM DREAMS, ... WILL SEE
VISIONS = This was fulfilled in Acts 2:16-21, thus we do not need to look to
some future time when these prophecies will be fulfilled. Those who teach that Pentecost was only a
partial fulfillment must contradict Peter’s words and invent the
“multiple fulfillment” theory of prophecy. This error creates far more problems then it
supposedly solves: for example, are the prophecies of Christ’s birth
going to be fulfilled multiple times throughout history? Are the prophesies regarding the Flood also
going to be fulfilled many times? The obvious answer is No – only one
Person in history fulfills the prophecies regarding Christ, and God promised
the earth would never be destroyed by a Flood again. A careful examination of the multiple
fulfillment theory demonstrates it contradicts Scripture.
Others err in their belief that only a select few ever
receive the gift of prophecy. However,
in the New Testament lists of Spiritual Gifts, the gift of prophecy is
repeatedly linked with pastoring, teaching, and administration, thus indicating
that prophecy is simply another of the "normal" activities of the
local congregation.
Joel 2:29
I WILL POUR OUT MY SPIRIT IN THOSE DAYS = Peter quotes these verses
and states they were fulfilled in the life of Christ and on the day of
Pentecost (see Acts 1:5-6;
Joel 2:30
WONDERS IN THE HEAVENS = Peter quotes these verses and states they
were fulfilled in the life of Christ and on the day of Pentecost (see Acts
Joel 2:31
SUN ... MOON = Peter quotes these verses and states they were
fulfilled in the life of Christ and on the day of Pentecost (see Acts
TURNED TO BLOOD = I.e. become blood red as in an eclipse, or when
seen through smoky atmospheric conditions.
THE GREAT AND DREADFUL DAY OF THE LORD = This phrase is mentioned
twice in Scripture: Joel 2:31 and Malachi 4:5.
It is highly likely, therefore, that these two texts are speaking about
the same thing: God's judgment was finally poured out on the Jews in 70 A.D. in
the destruction their nation and capitol city,
Joel 2:32
EVERYONE WHO CALLS ON THE NAME OF THE LORD WILL BE SAVED = Peter
quotes these verses and states they were fulfilled in the life of Christ and on
the day of Pentecost (see Acts 2:16-21).
This is not a blanket salvation for everyone in the world, but only for
those who "call on the name of the Lord." A wicked person will not "call" on
the Lord in repentance and therefore will not be saved. Christ's ministry was to save the lost, and
these signs were to point to Him as the Messiah. Christians heeded Christ's warning in Matthew
24:15-22, and fled Jerusalem during a brief opportunity before the final
destruction in 70 A.D.
ON MOUNT ZION AND IN JERUSALEM = This location specifies the
deliverance would occur in the city of Jerusalem -- precisely what happened in
30 A.D. at the conclusion of Christ’s ministry when He was crucified and
rose from the dead
IN THOSE DAYS AND AT THAT TIME = In the context of the previous
verses, and the interpretation of the New Testament in Acts chapter 2, this
refers to the days of Christ's earthly ministry. It was God's purpose to restore Israel if the
nation accepted Christ as Messiah.
However, by crucifying Christ they lost the glorious future God intended
for them. See commentary notes on
Matthew 21:43.
Joel 3:2
ALL NATIONS = Not all the nations of the world, for they could not
possible fit into this small valley (the “Valley of
Jehoshaphat”). Rather, according
to the context, “all nations” means all the nations which were
Israel’s enemies and had attacked them.
VALLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT = The Hebrew “yhoshaphat”
(Strongs #H3092) means “Jehovah judged, or the judgment of
Jehovah”. In Joel 3:14 this valley
is called the “Valley of Decision,” possibly meaning the valley
where God’s judgment would take place.
It is located near Jerusalem, some say it is synonymous with the Kidron
Valley which lies between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives.
“Parallel to Zechariah
14:2-4 where the “Mount of Olives” answers to the “Valley of
Jehoshaphat” here. The latter is called “the valley of
blessing” (Heb. “Berachah” 2 Chronicles 20:26). It lies
between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives and has the Kedron flowing through
it. As Jehoshaphat overthrew the confederate foes of Judah, namely, Ammon,
Moab, etc. (Psalm 83:6-8), in this valley, so God was to overthrow the Tyrians,
Zidonians, Philistines, Edom, and Egypt, with a similar utter overthrow (Joel
3:4, 19. This has been long ago fulfilled.” – Jamieson, Fausset,
and Brown Commentary
Joel 3:3
THEY CAST LOTS FOR MY PEOPLE = This took place in 586 B.C. when the
people of Judah were taken captive by the Babylonians (see Obadiah 1:11). As conquered slaves, the Israelites were
divided up according to lots (lottery) and sold into prostitution and other
degrading occupations.
Joel 3:4
TYRE AND SIDON = In 345 B.C. Antiochus III enslaved Sidon; the
Babylonians besieged Tyre in 586 B.C. and the Greeks captured it in 332 B.C.
Joel 3:5
TOOK … TO YOUR TEMPLES = It
was the custom for pagan nations to deposit some of the spoils of war in their
temples as presents to their gods. The Philistines and Arabians had taken King
Jehoram’s valuables (2 Chronicles 21:16-17), and the Syrian’s also
looted the temple and king’s palace in Judah (1 Kings 15:18; 2 Kings
12:18; 2 Kings 14:14).
Joel 3:6
YOU SOLD THE PEOPLE … TO THE GREEKS = Slave trade flourished
between the Greeks and the region of Philistia as far back as 800 B.C.
Joel 3:8
SELL … SONS … DAUGHTERS TO THE PEOPLE OF JUDAH = God so
completely reversed the calamity He had brought upon His people that even the
foreign slavers were sent into slavery.
“The Persian Artaxerxes Mnemon and Darius
Ochus, and chiefly the Greek Alexander, reduced the Phoenician and Philistine
powers. Thirty thousand Tyrians after the capture of Tyre by the last
conqueror, and multitudes of Philistines on the taking of Gaza, were sold as
slaves. The Jews are here said to do that which the God of Judah does in
vindication of their wrong, namely, sell the Phoenicians who sold them, to a
people ‘far off,’ as was Greece, whither the Jews had been sold.
The Sabeans at the most remote extremity of Arabia Felix are referred to
(compare Jeremiah 6:20 and Matthew 12:42). – Jamiesson, Fausset and Brown
Commentary
Joel 3:11
FROM EVERY SIDE = Refers to the
nations that surrounded the Israelites in Joel’s day.
Joel 3:12
VALLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT = See commentary on Joel 3:2.
Joel 3:13
TRAMPLE THE GRAPES = This phrase and series of verses is at the
heart of the song, “Battle Hymn of the Republic.”
Joel 3:14
THE DAY OF THE LORD IS NEAR = It was “near” in
Joel’s time, it is ancient history for us (see commentary on Joel 1:15;
Joel 3:2).
Joel 3:15
SUN AND MOON WILL BE DARKENED = See
commentary on Joel 2:10.
Joel 3:19
EGYPT … EDOM = “It
(Edom) was subjugated by David, but revolted under Jehoram (2 Chronicles
21:8-10); and at every subsequent opportunity tried to injure Judah. Egypt
under Shishak spoiled Jerusalem under Rehoboam of the treasures of the temple
and the king’s house; subsequently to the captivity, it inflicted under
the Ptolemies various injuries on Judea. Antiochus spoiled Egypt (Daniel
11:40-43). Edom was made “desolate” under the Maccabees (Josephus,
Antiquities, 12.11, 12). The low condition of the two countries for centuries
proves the truth of the prediction (compare Isaiah 19:1, etc.; Jeremiah 49:17;
Obadiah 1:10).” – Jamiesson, Fausset and Brown Commentary
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