The Cleveland Commentary on Titus

The Cleveland Bible Commentary

Titus (NIV)

By Syd Cleveland

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Tit 1:1

PAUL = Paul converted to Christianity a few years after Christ's resurrection. He was an outstanding missionary/evangelist and, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, wrote 13 books of the New Testament. His Jewish name was Saul, and he was born in the city of Tarsus around 1 A.D. His Roman name was “Paulos,” from which we derive our English "Paul." Paul was well-trained in the Jewish Scriptures and traditions (Acts 26:4-8; Philippians 3:5-6), and spoke the local Hebrew dialect known as Aramaic. Later he learned to speak Greek, Latin, and possibly Arabic (see notes on 1 Corinthians 14:18). In his early teens, Paul studied under a famous rabbi in Jerusalem named Gamaliel (Acts 22:3), and became a member of the Pharisee sect (Philippians 3:5). Paul was a vicious persecutor of Christians (Acts 22:4-5) until he was converted in 35 A.D. (Acts 9:3-19; Acts 22:6-21; Acts 26:13-23). Paul spent the last 20 years of his life traveling throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean preaching the Gospel of Jesus Christ. He was persecuted and imprisoned many times (2 Corinthians 11:24-27) and, because of his faith, was finally executed in Rome in 61 A.D.

A SERVANT OF GOD = The Greek "doulos" (Strongs #G1401) means "a slave, someone who is in permanent servitude to another."

AN APOSTLE OF JESUS CHRIST = The Greek "apostolos" (Strongs #G652) means "an ambassador, someone who is sent on behalf of another."

GOD'S ELECT = The Greek "eklektos" (Strongs #G1588) means "chosen, selected." Selection involves thoughtful, deliberate consideration.

GODLINESS = The Greek "eusebeia" (Strongs #G2150) means "godliness, devout piety toward God, devotion."

"In Titus 1:1, Paul refers to 'the knowledge of the truth that leads to godliness.' We cannot grow in godliness without the knowledge of this truth. This truth is to be found only in the Bible, but it is not just academic knowledge of Bible facts. It is spiritual knowledge taught by the Holy Spirit as He applies the truth of God to our hearts." -- Victory Over Temptation, Wilkinson, (Jerry Bridges), page 72.

Tit 1:2

FAITH AND KNOWLEDGE = The Greek words are "pistis" (Strongs #G4102) meaning "faith, firm persuasion, full conviction;" and "epignosis" (Strongs #G1922) meaning "knowledge acquired through personal involvement and full participation." Here it is faith in, and knowledge of, the truth of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. It is a faith and knowledge which energetically "leads to godliness" (Titus 1:1).

THE HOPE OF ETERNAL LIFE = The Greek "elpis" (Strongs #G1680) does not mean wishful thinking, instead it means "hope with the certain expectation of receiving." God "who does not lie" has "promised" this eternal life to us "before the beginning of time." Therefore we are certain that we have this eternal life (1 John 5:13).

GOD, WHO DOES NOT LIE = Not only may we fully rely on what God has promised, but we may also fully rely on the verbal inspiration of His Word: see Deuteronomy 5:5; 1 Samuel 15:10; 2 Samuel 7:4; 2 Samuel 22:31; 1 Kings 13:9; 2 Kings 7:1; 1 Chronicles 22:8; 2 Chronicles 11:2-4; 12:7; Psalm 18:30; 33:4; Isaiah 38:4, 5; Jeremiah 1:11; 19:3; 36:27, 28; Ezekiel 20:47; Zechariah 4:6. Regardless of whether the inspiration came verbally (2 Chronicles 11:2-4), or was the result of a vision (Micah 1:1), or written by God's own finger (Exodus 20:1-17; 31:18), or was the result of inspired thoughts (1 Corinthians 7:12), the entire Bible is inspired by the Holy Spirit (2 Timothy 3:16; 2 Peter 1:21), and, according to Jesus, is absolute "truth" (John 17:17). The Bible further affirms it's inerrancy through the following texts: 2 Samuel 22:31; Psalm 19:7; Psalm 119:160; Proverbs 30:5; Psalm 12:6; Psalm 19:7; Deuteronomy 32:4; Proverbs 30:5; Titus 1:2.

PROMISED BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF TIME = As the eternal God, God has no beginning and no end (Genesis 21:33). Therefore God is not subject to time, existed before the beginning of time, and created time (Genesis 1:14).

The text indicates that God made provision for, and promised, eternal life "before the beginning of time." This agrees with the fact that Jesus, the enabler of eternal life, is said to have been "slain from the creation of the world" (Revelation 13:8). In other words, God had provided for our salvation "before the beginning of time," and before "the creation of the world" (see 2 Timothy 1:9-10). Only an omniscient God could know beforehand that humans would choose to sin and thus need a Savior (John 16:30).

Tit 1:3

AT HIS APPOINTED SEASON = God has both a time and a season for every activity under heaven (Ecclesiastes 3:1). The purpose of time is to create order by preventing everything from happening at once. More than this, God has a purpose for every life, and a plan for every purpose. Nothing happens by accident, and nothing takes God by surprise.

HE BROUGHT HIS WORD TO LIGHT = Preaching is a primary means of illuminating God's Word (Romans 10:17). Expository preaching is the king of preaching, for it focuses the listener upon the actual words of Scripture.

THROUGH THE PREACHING = The necessity and value of preaching is demonstrated here. Compare with Paul's comments in Romans 10:14-15, 17.

BY THE COMMAND OF GOD = Paul was literally commanded to become an apostle of Jesus Christ (Acts 9:6, 15).

GOD OUR SAVIOR = God is the one who saves us and preserves us. While Jesus, as the second Person of the Trinity, is also both "God" and "Savior," the phrase as it is used here refers more directly to God the Father. Also see Titus 2:10; 3:4. A similar phrase is in Titus 2:13.

Tit 1:4

TITUS = The Greek "Titos" is given as "Titus" in English. Titus was one of Paul's early associates, and quite involved in Paul's missionary activities. Paul refers to him as "my partner and fellow worker" (2 Corinthians 8:23), and entrusted Titus with delivering Paul's letters of correction to the church at Corinth. Titus pastored the church at Crete, as well as one in what is now Yugoslavia.

MY TRUE SON IN OUR COMMON FAITH = Paul, Peter, and Christ looked upon preaching as a means of "fathering" converts to Christianity. These converts were considered their "sons" in the faith (see 1 Corinthians 4:17; Philemon 1:10; 1 Peter 5:13; Revelation 21:7).

"The adjective "true" ("gnesios", Strongs #G1103) means "legitimately born or genuine" and acknowledges that Titus was running true to his spiritual parentage and thus represented Paul's position." -- Zondervan NIVBC on Titus 1:4

Tit 1:5

I LEFT YOU IN CRETE = The Greek word "kataleipo" (Strongs #G2641) means "to leave behind, forsake." Here it indicates that Paul deliberately left Titus in Crete to accomplish a specific assignment. This journey is not recorded in the book of Acts, and apparently came after Paul's first imprisonment at Rome.

STRAIGHTEN OUT WHAT WAS LEFT UNFINISHED = The Greek "epidiorthoo" (Strongs #G1930) means "to set in order, or correct." Part of the organizational process of the early Christian churches in Crete, the appointment of elders, had not been completed when Paul had to travel on. Titus was left to finish that work by following the directives left by Paul in verses 6 through 9.

APPOINT = The Greek word is "kathistemi" (Strongs #G2525) meaning "to set down, set in place, appoint." The appointment of elders was not done through an election process. Instead, the appointments were made by Timothy alone according to Paul's directives.

IN EVERY TOWN = Here is evidence that Christianity was rapidly spreading throughout the Mediterranean with churches "in every town." Tradition has it that, in his later years, Titus became the first bishop of Crete.

AS I DIRECTED YOU = The Greek "diatasso" (Strongs #G1299) means "appoint, order."

Tit 1:6

ELDER = The Greek "presbuteros" (Strongs #G4245) means "an old man, aged, an elder, a senior, a person of ripe age and experience." Also see 1 Timothy 5:22; 1 Timothy 3:10.

"That in the government of the local church there were only male bishops or elders, and deacons is supported by the fact 1 Timothy 3:2 states "a bishop ['episkopos,' (Strongs #G1985) refers only to a male as does 'presbuteros' (Strongs #G4245), a male elder. A female elder would have been 'presbutera,' which term is not used in the sense of a female elder in the NT] must be ... the husband of one wife." -- The Complete WordStudy Dictionary, NT, by Zodhiates

THE HUSBAND OF BUT ONE WIFE = The Greek "gune" (Strongs #G1135) means "woman, wife." This does not mean that an elder cannot remarry if he was divorced or his wife died, for Scripture allows for both. Instead it mean that the elder is to be a "one-woman man." Both deacons and elders in the New Testament churches were always men, and if married, were required to be totally dedicated to their wives.

"The precise implications of 'the husband of but one wife' have been debated through the centuries (see 1 Timothy 3:3). Most natural is the view that an elder must be the husband of only one living woman." -- NIVBC, Zondervan.

WHOSE CHILDREN = The Greek "teknon" (Strongs #G5043) means "a child, son or daughter." It is distinguished from the "huios" (Strongs #G5207) meaning "an adult son or daughter." However the two words are used interchangeably.

"Since older men would be chosen for leadership, it is assumed that the elder would have children. The latter must share their father's Christian faith by having made a personal decision. Their remaining (in) pagan(ism) would throw into question the father's ability to lead others to the faith. Moreover, the children must personally fulfill the ethical requirements of the Christian life. They must not be chargeable as being "wild" (self-indulgent and wasteful in their manner of life, like the prodigal son) or "disobedient" (refusing to bow to parental authority). An elder's inability to train and govern his children would also place in question his ability to train and govern the church (see 1 Timothy 3:4-5)." -- NIVBC, Zondervan

"What stands out is the need not only for moral blamelessness (mentioned twice) but for a stable home-life." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1312

BELIEVE = The Greek "pistos" (Strongs #G4103) means "trustworthy, faithful in duty, believable."

BEING WILD = The Greek "asotia" (Strongs #G810) means "lawless, unmanageable, a prodigal who lives in debauchery." The present active participle indicates an on-going condition of lawlessness currently exists.

DISOBEDIENT = The Greek "anupotakos" (Strongs #G506) means "disorderly, not subject to authority, unruly, disobedient." See 1 Timothy 3:4.

Tit 1:7

OVERSEER = The Greek "episkopos" (Strongs #G1985) means "a watchman, overseer, superintendent." Scripture uses several interchangeable terms which refer to the same office and ministry in the local congregation: "elder" refers to the dignity of the office, "overseer" and "bishop" refer to the ministry of the office. The New Testament indicates the work of these men includes to teaching and counseling, visiting the sick, rebuking those who error from sound doctrine, encouraging Christian growth and maturity, and generally supervising the church.

ENTRUSTED WITH GOD'S WORK = "The Christian minister is not merely the servant of the church; he exercises his office under God's authority and is directly accountable to Him. This high office makes high demands on the character of the man." -- NIVBC, Zondervan

MUST BE BLAMELESS = The Greek "anegkletos" (Strongs G410) means "without accusation." It is a legal term specifically meaning "free from any legal charge." This implies that the elder lives a life that is above any accusation. Here the context defines "blameless" as "not overbearing, not quick-tempered, not given to drunkenness, not violent, not pursuing dishonest gain." Also see 1 Corinthians 1:8; Colossians 1:22; 1 Timothy 3:10; Titus 1:6-7.

NOT OVERBEARING = The Greek "authades" (Strongs #G829) means "insolent, surely, one who obstinately maintains his own opinions and disregards the ideas of others."

NOT QUICK-TEMPERED = The Greek "orgilos" (Strongs #G3711) means "angry, wrathful." Christian ministry requires much patience.

NOT GIVEN TO DRUNKENNESS = The Greek "paraoinos" (Strongs #G3943) means "full of wine, drunk."

"The word does not include the responsible and temperate usage of alcohol, rather it has in view the abuse or incessant use of it. The word-picture is that of an individual who always has a bottle (or wineskin) on the table and so signifies addiction (also see 1 Timothy 3:3)." -- AMG Complete WordStudy Dictionary, Zodhiates.

NOT VIOLENT = The Greek "plektes" (Strongs #G4131) means "a violent person, quarrelsome, contentious."

NOT PURSUING DISHONEST GAIN = The Greek "aischrokerdes" (Strongs #G146) means "a person's who interest in money is indecent, and dishonorable, a person whose morals are corrupted by money."

"The worker deserves his wages (see 1 Timothy 5:17-18), but he must not turn his office into a money-making business." -- NIVBC, Zondervan

Tit 1:8

HOSPITABLE = The Greek "philoxenos" (Strongs #G5382) means "one who loves strangers, a friend of strangers." This was especially important in times of persecution when fleeing Christians would naturally look for help from local churches.

WHAT IS GOOD = The Greek "philagathos" (Strongs #G5358) means "being kind and doing good deeds." Paul used variations of this phrase seven times in the little book of Titus: see Titus 1:8; 2:3; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14.

The Old Testament defines "good" as obeying all God's regulations (Deuteronomy 12:28); walking faithfully before God with wholehearted devotion (Isaiah 38:3); acting justly, loving mercy, and walking humbly with God (Micah 6:8). In the New Testament Jesus defined "good" for Israelites living before the cross as obeying the commandments (Matthew 19:17). However for New Testament Christians living after the cross, the definition of "what is good" is defined as: the gospel (Acts 5:42); avoiding boasting (1 Corinthians 5:6); remaining unmarried in times persecution (1 Corinthians 7:1, 8, 26); looking out for the good of others (1 Corinthians 1:24); receiving the gifts of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 12:7), et cetera. The bottom line is that for a Christian, the definition of "what is good" goes far beyond simply "keeping" a set of rules. Jesus stated that our inmost thoughts and motives must be evaluated when determining whether we are doing what is "good" (Matthew 5:28). Paul stated that even the "law" must be used properly in order for it to be "good" (1 Timothy 1:8).

SELF-CONTROLLED = The Greek "sophron" (Strongs #G4998) means "sober, self-disciplined, self-restrained."

UPRIGHT = The Greek "dikaios" (Strongs #G1342) means "conforms to what is right and just, righteous in conforming to human laws."

HOLY = The Greek "hosios" (Strongs #G3741) means "unpolluted with wickedness, conforms to God's laws and God's Word."

DISCIPLINED = The Greek "egkrates" (Strongs #G1468) means "having power over oneself, master of oneself."

Tit 1:9

HOLD FIRMLY = The Greek "antecho" (Strongs #G472) means "to hold firmly, support strongly."

"Unfaithfulness to the biblical revelation disqualifies people from leadership in God's church. On the other hand, doctrinal fidelity enables them to perform a twofold task: (1) They can appeal to others to adhere to and advance in their Christian faith. This can be done by proclaiming 'sound doctrine'--teaching that is biblically correct and promotes spiritual health--in contrast to the unhealthy false teaching. (2) Their work also demands that they "refute those who oppose" the true Gospel and speak against it as the advocates of error. They must expose the errors of others and try to convince them that they are wrong." -- NIVBC, Zondervan

TRUSTWORTHY MESSAGE = This phrase is composed of two Greek words: "pistos" (Strongs #G4103) meaning "trustworthy, deserving of confidence or belief;" and "logos" (Strongs #G3056) meaning "word, doctrine, precept."

AS IT HAS BEEN TAUGHT = No Christian is encouraged to invent new doctrines. Rather it is the duty of every Christian to hold firmly to the teachings of Jesus Christ and His apostles. The "trustworthy message" does not change to suit our desires, rather we are to change our desires to come into harmony with the message. Compare 1 Corinthians 11:2 with Galatians 1:6.

SOUND DOCTRINE = This phrase is composed of two Greek words: "hugiano" (Strongs #G5198) here meaning "pure, true, uncorrupted," and "didaskalia" (Strongs #G1319) meaning "teachings, instruction, doctrine." Paul is charging Titus with making certain the elders he appoints are orthodox in their understanding of Christian doctrine, and zealously teaching orthodox Christianity to new converts and members of the congregation.

REFUTE = The Greek "elegcho" (Strongs #G1651) means "to prove one in the wrong and thus shame him." This is a necessary characteristic of an elder in the church, for "there are many rebellious people" in the congregation (Titus 1:10).

"It is only possible to refute false teachers if the true doctrine has been well understood." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1312

OPPOSE IT = The Greek "antilego" (Strongs #G483) means "those who speak against, or speak evil of" the sound doctrine.

Tit 1:10

REBELLIOUS PEOPLE = The Greek "anupotakos" (Strongs #G506) means "disobedient, unruly."

MERE TALKERS = The Greek "mataiologos" (Strongs #G3151) means "a vain talker, an idle talker, a person who idly speaks trivialities." This is a person who has much to say about everything but who does not "walk the talk." Elders are to insist that these "blowhards" knuckle down, become disciplined in "sound doctrine," so they will "walk the talk."

THE CIRCUMCISION GROUP = Paul was once like these Jews, some of whom now lived on the island of Crete (Titus 3:3). These Jews had become Christians but were still zealously trying to convert Christians to follow the Old Testament Covenant. The New Testament record states these "Judaizers" had two characteristics: (1) they insisted on Christians being circumcised (Acts 15:1-2); (2) they insisted on Christians keeping the Old Covenant Laws in order to be saved (Galatians 2:1-5). They thought Christianity was just an "offshoot" or "sect" of Judaism, with similar beliefs and customs instead of being a completely new religion. Therefore they believed Christians were sinning and in danger of eternal death because Christians were being taught to ignore the Old Covenant laws (Acts 21:21).

In New Testament times these "Judaizers" were referred to as "the circumcision group" because circumcision was the Old Testament sign that a descendant of Abraham had entered into the Old Covenant with God. This covenant required the person to fully obey all God's Old Covenant laws (Genesis 17:11; Galatians 5:2-4). The Bible tells us the Old Covenant consisted of the Ten Commandments written on stone tablets (Deuteronomy 4:13), as well as all the regulations contained in the books of Moses. The golden box which contained the Ten Commandments was called "the Ark of the Covenant" (Hebrews 9:4), and the Israelites were called the "people of the Covenant" (Ezekiel 30:5).

Because these Judaizers ("the circumcision group") misunderstood and opposed the very foundation of Christianity (the New Covenant of salvation through grace and not by works), the Apostles called a general church council in Jerusalem to settle the matter of the Old Covenant once and for all (read all of Acts chapter 15). The council's decision was that Christianity is a New Covenant between God and all people. Because Christianity is not Jewish, it is wrong to impose the laws and ceremonies of the Old Covenant on Christians (Acts 15:10-11, 19-20; Romans 4:9-12; Galatians 2:15-21).

But instead of accepting the Apostles' decision, the "circumcision group" rudely ignored their spiritual leaders and continued to infiltrate Christian churches, "ruining whole households" with their Old Covenant teachings (Titus 1:11). Paul had very harsh words for these members "of the circumcision group" (see Galatians 5:2-4, 7-12; Titus 1:16), and warned church leaders to prevent these false teachers from entering Christian churches. However in the end, the Judaizers were instrumental in Paul's arrest and subsequent murder at Rome (Acts 21:27-28).

Today, many Sabbatarian (semi-Jewish cults) qualify as modern "Judaizers." They still work to deceive people into leaving the New Covenant Jesus made with Christians and going back to the Old Covenant God made with the Israelites. The names of these cults have changed over the millennia, but their goals, the results of their work are still the same. Like the Jews who persecuted Christ, His Apostles, and Christians, these Judaizers believe they alone are "right," and everyone else -- including the Bible -- are "wrong." Paul's condemnation of these modern Judaizers is just as accurate today as when it applied to the "circumcision group" of old (see Titus 1:16).

"These false teachers, ... are ... Judaists who as professed Christians seek to infiltrate the churches with their misguided teaching. They try to fasten onto Christianity various aspects of Judaism and to present the hybrid as a teaching containing higher philosophical insights. Three terms describe these false teachers: They are (1) 'rebellious' refusing to subordinate themselves to any authority and rejecting the demands of the Gospel on them; (2) 'mere talkers' fluent and impressive in speech that accomplishes nothing constructive; and (3) 'deceivers' those whose glib tongues exercise a fascination over the minds of their dupes and lead them astray. 'Those of the circumcision group' were the most active offenders." -- NIVBC, Zondervan

"Jewish Christians form the more active section of these dissidents, perhaps because their national heritage produce in them a sense of superiority, or because of the freedom they had learnt in the synagogue in such matters. It is probable that the technique of these men was similar to that described in 2 Timothy 3:6, that is, the private circulation of heresy. Certainly the disruptive effect of their teaching was particularly apparent among Christian families. Detecting that they subordinate truth to finance, Paul castigates their motives as mercenary and writes off their message as 'things they ought not to teach.'" -- The International Bible Commentary, F. F. Bruce, Zondervan, p. 1494

"Unbelieving Judaism seemed to be moving into a more and more complete rejection of the truth. At a somewhat later time John spoke of Jews who were of the 'synagogue of Satan' (Revelation 2:9; 3:9)." -- The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, Moody Press, p. 1394

Tit 1:11

THEY MUST BE SILENCED = "Paul demands that these people 'be silenced' (Strongs #G1993)--a word that means 'to close the mouth by means of a muzzle or gag.' The offenders must be refused opportunity to spread their teachings in the churches; the term also includes silencing them by a logical refutation of their views. Their suppression is necessary because of their seductive work. They belong to that class of people who are "ruining whole households," disturbing and turning upside down the faith of entire families. They achieve these disastrous results by teaching things that simply must not be presented as Christian truth." -- NIVBC, Zondervan

TEACHING THINGS THEY OUGHT NOT TO TEACH = See note on Titus 1:10.

FOR THE SAKE OF DISHONEST GAIN = It is possible the Judaizers were requiring Christians to pay tithe to them as payment for their false teachings.

Tit 1:12

ONE OF THEIR OWN PROPHETS HAS SAID = The well-known poet of that time, Epimenides, is the source of this quotation. Paul uses this quotation to essentially state that Judaizers are liars, evil, and lazy. However, notice Paul does not claim these words came from the Holy Spirit, but rather gives credit to one of "their own prophets." Unlike the Seventh-day Adventist's false prophet Ellen White, Bible writers at times quoted from others, but they never claimed the writings of others as their own. One of the Biblical signs of a false prophet is that the false prophet plagiarizes the words and writings of others (Jeremiah 23:30-31) -- something Ellen White did voraciously.

CRETANS = Citizens of Crete.

LIARS = The Greek "pseustes" (Strongs #G5583) means "a liar, a wicked person." Here it refers to Judaizers ("the circumcision group"), "who profess to have salvation, but who live and think contrary to Christian truth" (see Titus 1:16). -- AMG Complete WordStudy Dictionary, Zodhiates.

EVIL = The Greek "kakos" (Strongs #G2556) means "worthless coward, evil." Here it refers to people who are evil in and of themselves, and who drag other people into trouble.

BRUTES = The Greek "therion" (Strongs #G2342) means "wild beast, particularly a poisonous snake." It is impossible to miss the fact that Paul was comparing the Judaizers to the serpent (Satan) in the Garden of Eden.

LAZY = The Greek "argos" (Strongs #G692) means "without work, not at work, idle, deliberately inactive, lazy."

GLUTTONS = The Greek "gaster" (Strongs #G1064) means "belly, stomach." Here it means a person who is a slave to his stomach: a glutton.

Tit 1:13

THIS TESTIMONY IS TRUE = Here Paul is confirming the truthfulness of the saying he quoted in the previous verse (Titus 1:12).

REBUKE THEM SHARPLY = It was no longer possible to try to reason with the Judaizers. They were to be sharply rebuked. If that failed, they would be shut out from the congregation (Titus 3:10; 2 John 1:10-11).

"In view of the difficult character of these people, Paul advises strong action: 'they must be silenced,' and they are to be rebuked 'sharply.' ... Paul does not believe they are worth arguing with, but Titus should concentrate on rebuking them in order that they may become 'sound in the faith.' This is a positive approach which is still of great value when dealing with those who deviate from the truth." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1312

SO THEY WILL BE SOUND IN THE FAITH = The Greek "hugiano" (Strongs #G5198) means "healthy, physically fit." This is in sharp contrast to the "lazy gluttons" of the previous verse (Titus 1:12).

Tit 1:14

JEWISH MYTHS = The Greek "muthos" (Strongs #G3454) means "a fable, something invented rather than reality." Anything that contradicts Bible truth, or departs from Bible truth is a "myth." In Paul's thinking, a "myth" was anything that contradicted the Gospel and the teachings of Jesus Christ. For example, when Jesus taught that we are saved by grace, the Judaizers taught that salvation comes through keeping the law. These Judaizers were called "the circumcision group" because of their reliance upon the laws of the Old Covenant (see note on Titus 1:10). Circumcision was the sign that a person had agreed to keep all the laws and regulations of the Old Covenant.

At the heart of the "circumcision group" was their belief in "Jewish myths." Their lack of focus on the Bible truth of the New Covenant is what caused Paul to warn the church about them. But worse than this, these Judaizers would literally "reject the truth" in favor of their "Jewish myths."

This is still a common characteristic of modern Judaizers -- they teach many Jewish myths to draw people away from Biblical truth. Some of these Jewish myths include: observing the Old Covenant Sabbath, using the so-called sacred names for God, observing the Old Testament Feast Days such as Passover and the Day of Atonement, requiring circumcision, considering pork to be "unclean," and so on. But from a Christian standpoint, the New Testament is very clear that the Old Covenant laws, including the Ten Commandments, were only given to the Israelites and never given to any other people on earth (Deuteronomy 4:8, 12-13; Deuteronomy 5:2-4). Therefore, when these Judaizers tried to force Christians into keeping the Old Covenant, they were teachings things that "ought not to be taught" (Titus 1:11). The Old Covenant had already passed away at the cross and had been replaced by the New Covenant in Christ's blood (Hebrews 8:8-9, 13).

Through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, Paul clearly wrote that under the New Covenant, all those Old Covenant regulations were now simply "Jewish myths" taught by Judaizers who "reject the truth" of the New Covenant instituted by Jesus Christ at the cross (see Luke 22:20; 2 Corinthians 3:6; Hebrews 9:15; Galatians 5:6; Galatians 6:15; 1 Corinthians 5:7 et cetera).

OR TO THE COMMANDS OF THOSE WHO = "The dual source of the false teaching (of the circumcision group) is said to be 'Jewish myths' (see 1 Timothy 1:4), and 'commands of those who reject the truth' (see Colossians 2:21-22). It was probably this amalgam of Jewish regulations and Gnostic asceticism that led Paul to quote the principle enunciated by Jesus (Luke 11:41)." -- The International Bible Commentary, F. F. Bruce, Zondervan, p. 1494

REJECT THE TRUTH = The Greek "apostrepho" (Strongs #G654) means "to forsake, turn away from, desert."

Tit 1:15

TO THE PURE, ALL THINGS ARE PURE = At first these spiritually innocent Christians were no match for the Judaizers. As "baby" Christians, they were easily deceived because they thought that since the Judaizers were quoting Scripture, they must be godly people. But then, as now, the Judaizers distorted the Scriptures in order to destroy Christians (see 2 Peter 3:16).

CORRUPTED = The Greek "miaino" (Strongs #G3392) means "to be polluted, defiled, stained, corrupted."

"Once the mind is corrupted the conscience swiftly follows suit." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1312

DO NOT BELIEVE = Not believing Bible truth is a cardinal sin. It is unforgivable, because without belief there can be no acceptance of Christ as Savior. Without Christ, there is no forgiveness. See John 5:38; John 10:26; 1 Peter 2:7-8.

NOTHING IS PURE = The Judaizers proved by their lives that nothing was "pure" or sacred to them: not the truth, not the Apostles' teachings, not the Church, not even Jesus Christ!

MINDS AND CONSCIENCES = The Greek "nous" (Strongs #G3563) means "mind, intellect, understanding." The Greek "suneidesis" (Strongs #G4983) means "conscience." See 1 Timothy 4:2.

Titus 1:16

BY THEIR ACTIONS THEY DENY HIM = The Judaizers were hypocritical liars. Thus the Holy Spirit pronounced a triple curse upon them: they are "detestable," "disobedient," and "unfit for doing anything good." Notice how Paul condemned the Judaizers living in Rome: Romans 2:17-24.

DETESTABLE = The Greek "bdeluktos" (Strongs #G947) means "abominable, detestably wicked."

DISOBEDIENT = The Greek "apeithes" (Strongs #G545) means "unwilling to be persuaded, unbelieving, disobedient."

UNFIT = The Greek "adokimos" (Strongs #G96) means "unapproved, unworthy, without any merit."

Tit 2:1

YOU MUST TEACH ... SOUND DOCTRINE = The importance of studying Scripture and being able to distinguish between false doctrines and "sound" doctrine is also emphasized in 2 Timothy 2:15.

Tit 2:2

TEMPERATE = The Greek "nephalius" (Strongs #G3524) means "temperate, clear-headed, self-controlled." It is a clear admonition against being addicted to alcoholic beverages (see Titus 2:3).

ENDURANCE = The Greek "hupomone" (Strongs #G5281) means "patiently endure to the end." Christianity focuses on the long run, rather than short term circumstances. See 1 Corinthians 9:24-27; Acts 20:24. The older men in the church are called to endure the hardships created by the Judaizers.

Tit 2:3

REVERENT = The Greek "hieroprepes" (Strongs #G2412) means "venerable, a sacred person."

OLDER WOMEN ... TO TEACH = The Biblical model is for older women to teach younger women (Titus 2:4). Older, godly women, are a precious resource in Christian churches.

WHAT IS GOOD = The Greek "kalodidaskalos" (Strongs #G2567) means "a teacher of good things." Paul used variations of this phrase seven times in the little book of Titus: see Titus 1:8; 2:3; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14.

TEACH WHAT IS GOOD = The context of the next verse (Titus 2:4) indicates the "older" women are "training" the "younger" women. See Paul's comments in 2 Timothy 2:15.

Tit 2:4

TRAIN THE YOUNGER WOMEN = In Greek, the verb "train" is a present active subjunctive, indicating that the training of younger women is to be actively on-going.

LOVE = The Greek "philandros" (Strongs #G5362) means "friend of your husband." In other words, to be their husband's best friend rather than his servant or slave. In an age when divorce was rampant, and child-sacrifices were common, young women had to be taught these Christian family values. The same teaching is imperative in today's world.

Tit 2:5

SELF-CONTROLLED = The Greek "sophron" (Strongs #G4998) means "self-controlled, sober, temperate."

PURE = The Greek "hagnos" (Strongs #G53) means "pure, chaste, free from impurities, virgin." This word is related to the Greek word for "holy ("hagios" Strongs #G40).

BUSY AT HOME = The Greek "oikouros" (Strongs #G3626) means "a keeper of the home, one who looks after the home with diligent care." Also see 1 Timothy 5:13-14.

SUBJECT = The Greek "hupotasso" (Strongs #G5293) means "to place in proper order, to be submissive."

TO THEIR HUSBANDS = Christian women are not to be subject to church leaders in preference to their husbands. Their primary family relationship is with their own husband.

MALIGN = The Greek "blasphemeo" (Strongs #G987) means "to blaspheme, revile, slander." When a Christian's life does not match his claims, an observer is quick to conclude that God's Word is powerless to change lives. The daily challenge of Christianity to is to "walk the talk."

THE WORD OF GOD = This phrase is used throughout Scripture to mean:

(1) a prophecy or directive from God to a prophet [1 Chronicles 17:3-4; Luke 3:2];

(2) the entire cannon of Scripture [Proverbs 30:5; Matthew 15:6];

(3) the spoken word/preaching [Acts 4:31; 6:2-4];

(4) the "sword of the Spirit" [Ephesians 6:17];

(5) "Christ in you, the hope of glory" [Colossians 1:25-27];

(6) literally the word from God [1 Thessalonians 2:13].

(7) In John 10:35, "the word of God" is synonymous with "the Scripture."

(8) In Acts 6:7; 8:14, "the word of God" is synonymous with Christianity.

(9) In Revelation 19:13 "the Word of God" is a title for Jesus Christ.

Tit 2:6

SIMILARLY = Paul began this chapter by instructing Titus to "teach what is in accord with sound doctrine" (Titus 2:1). Now, as Paul instructs Titus what to teach "young men," it must again be "in accord with sound doctrine."

BE SELF-CONTROLLED = The fires of passion burn most hotly in the young.

Tit 2:7

SET THEM AN EXAMPLE = By virtue of just being alive, a Christian is constantly setting an example for someone. Above all, Christian leaders are to concentrate on "doing what is good" so that their example is good and "that no one will malign the word of God" (Titus 2:5). To accomplish this, they are to "show integrity, seriousness, and soundness of speech" (Titus 2:7-8).

WHAT IS GOOD = The Greek "kalos" (Strongs #G2570) means "good." Paul used variations of this phrase seven times in the little book of Titus: see Titus 1:8; 2:3; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14.

Tit 2:8

SOUNDNESS = The Greek "hugies" (Strongs #G5199) here means "wholesome, right." Paul has uses this idea repeated in this letter: Titus 1:9, 2:1 ("sound doctrine"); Titus 1:12, 2:2 ("sound in the faith"); Titus 2:8 ("soundness of speech"). The condensed teaching is that Christians are to be "sound": wholesome and right in all they think, say, and do.

THOSE WHO OPPOSE YOU = The Greek "enantios" (Strongs #G1727) means "set against, opposed, contrary, adverse."

ASHAMED = The Greek "entrepo" (Strongs #G1788) means "put to shame, withdraw their criticisms."

Tit 2:9

SLAVES TO BE SUBJECT = In New Testament times, Roman slaves often outnumbered free citizens three to one. Thus, in the interest of self-preservation, any slave rebellion was put down quickly and unmercifully. Here Paul's inspired comment is not in any way a support of slavery, but rather an attempt to protect slaves who had become Christians, and at the same time open the hearts of slave-owners to Christianity (Titus 2:10). The only way for the powerless infant Christian church to eradicate slavery was through the conversion of slave-owners (see Paul's instruction to Philemon regarding his slave Onesimus in Philemon 1:15-16, 21).

TO THEIR MASTERS IN EVERYTHING = The Greek "despotes" (Strongs #G1203) means "despot, master."

"'Masters' denotes that as owners they had complete authority over their slaves. This command stresses the comprehensiveness of this duty, though a Christian slave could not submit when a pagan master demanded things contrary to Christian conscience." -- NIVBC, Zondervan

Tit 2:10

MAKE THE TEACHING ... ATTRACTIVE = Without the civil power to free slaves through force, Christianity sought to eradicate slavery through the power of conversion. When slave-owners became Christians, their entire world-view would changed, resulting in their understanding that slavery is neither Biblical, nor Christian (Galatians 5:1).

Thus it was, and is, critical for Christians to live and act according the Word of God so that their lives have a good influence on all who came in contact with them. In the New Testament environment of slavery, God would become their Savior through the influence of godly lives.

"The Greek word translated 'make attractive' is used of the setting of jewelry to display it in the most attractive way." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1313

GOD OUR SAVIOR = Paul uses this phrase three times in the book of Titus: Titus 1:3; 2:10; 3:4. A similar phrase is in Titus 2:13. Here the Greek literally reads: "Theos hemon Soter." This can be interpreted as an affirmation that our Savior, Jesus Christ, is indeed "God" (divine). This is a Biblical truth that must never be downplayed, and is clearly affirmed in Titus 2:13. However, here the idea that God would become their Savior through converting slave-masters to Christ is more in harmony with the immediate context. Also see Titus 1:3; and Titus 3:4.

ATTRACTIVE = The Greek "kosmeo" (Strongs #G2885) means "to adorn, order," thus "to make attractive."

"It was the custom among the Greeks as well as the Jews not only to erect, but also to repair and adorn the monuments of those who had merited them or who had suffered an undeserved death." -- AMG Complete Word Study Dictionary, New Testament, Zodhiates.

Tit 2:11

GRACE = The Greek "charis" (Strongs #G5485) means "grace." It is the absolute antithesis of the Greek word "erga" (Strongs #G2041) which means "works." Grace and works are mutually exclusive (Romans 11:6). Our salvation is determined solely on the basis of "grace" apart from works (Romans 3:23-24; Romans 6:23; Romans 11:6; Ephesians 2:4-5; Ephesians 2:8-9).

"Grace is the undeserved acceptance and love received from another, especially the characteristic attitude of God in providing salvation for sinners. For Christians, the word 'grace' is virtually synonymous with the gospel of God's gift of unmerited salvation in Jesus Christ. To express this, the New Testament writers used the Greek word 'charis,' which had a long previous history in secular Greek. Related to the word for joy or pleasure, 'charis' originally referred to something delightful or attractive in a person, something which brought pleasure to others. From this it came to have the idea of a favor or kindness done to another or of a gift which brought pleasure to another. Viewed from the standpoint of the recipient, it was used to refer to the thankfulness felt for a gift or favor. These meanings also appear in the biblical use of 'charis,' but only in the New Testament does it come to have the familiar sense which 'grace' bears for Christians." -- Holman Bible Dictionary

GRACE ... BRINGS SALVATION = See Acts 15:11; Ephesians 2:5, 8; 2 Timothy 1:9.

HAS APPEARED TO ALL MEN = The opportunity for salvation is available to all regardless of where or when they lived. See John 3:16; Romans 2:15.

Tit 2:12

IT = In the context of verse 11, "it" refers to "the grace of God."

IT TEACHES US TO SAY "NO" = The fact that we recognize we are unworthy and undeserving of God's love for us, inspires us to be loyal to God out of loving gratitude. Continuing to live in "ungodliness and world passions" indicates that we have not appropriated God's powerful grace. Thus "works" do not earn us salvation, but rather are a sign that salvation has been received (James 2:14, 17, 21-22, 24).

"The restraint of 'ungodliness' is a major purpose of God's grace. Self-control cannot be achieved merely from self-effort. This at once distinguishes Christian ethics from Stoicism which exalted self-determination." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1313

"Grace saves, but also teaches and trains in sober and godly living." -- The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, Moody Press, p. 1395

UNGODLINESS = The Greek "asebeia" (Strongs #G763) means "wickedness, ungodly living, lack of reverence for God."

WORLDLY PASSIONS = The Greek "epithumia" (Strongs #G) means "strong desire, great longing, lust."

GODLY = The Greek "eusebos" (Strongs #G2153) means "devout, godly, pious."

Tit 2:13

WAIT = The Greek "prodechomai" (Strongs #G4327) means "to receive, anticipate, expect." This word is a present participle meaning the action is on-going: we live in an atmosphere of joyful anticipation and expectation.

THE BLESSED HOPE = The Greek "elpis" (Strongs #G1680) means "desiring something good with the firm expectation of receiving it." Thus the word "hope" does not mean something is doubtful or uncertain. Rather, as Hebrews 11:1 states, this "hope" is being "sure of what we hope for and certain of what we do not see." The "blessed hope" is defined here as "the glorious appearing of ... Jesus Christ." If the words of Jesus Christ and Scripture have any meaning at all, it is impossible to doubt that He will return (see John 14:1-3 compare with Acts 1:11)!

OF OUR GREAT GOD AND SAVIOR, JESUS CHRIST = Here we have Paul's strong, clear, affirmation of Christ's Divinity. The Greek word "hemon" (Strongs #G2257) meaning "of our" is singular thus indicating that "God" and "Savior" are the same Person. Peter confirms this by a similar statement in 2 Peter 1:1, and Paul in Romans 9:5. The context goes on in Titus 2:14 to define this "great God and Savior, Jesus Christ," as the one who "gave Himself (singular) for us to redeem us." Thus it is unmistakable that Jesus Christ is both our "great God" and our "Savior" who was crucified for us. The Biblical evidence is clear that the Jehovah's Witnesses' interpretation that this text is speaking about two people: God, and Jesus, is totally false and without any merit

Tit 2:14

WHO GAVE HIMSELF = Refers back to our "great God and Savior, Jesus Christ," in Titus 2:13. The Greek word "heautou" (Strongs #G1438) meaning "himself" is singular to agree with the singular phrase "our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ" in the previous verse. Thus these texts are speaking about one Person who is known as "our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ." The grammar of these texts destroys the Jehovah's Witness argument that Jesus is a "lesser god" and that Titus 2:13 is speaking about two beings: God and Jesus.

TO REDEEM US = The Greek "lutroo" (Strongs #G3084) means "redeem, ransom." See 1 Peter 1:18.

"Paul sees the work of Christ as doing something for us which we could not do for ourselves. But for Paul deliverance is double-sided: not only from sin but to a life of purity." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1314

FROM ALL WICKEDNESS = The Greek "anomia" (Strongs #G458) means "wickedness, transgression, lawlessness."

"In most cases in the NT, it ('lawlessness') means not the absence of the Law, but the violation of Law, i.e., transgression. In the NT, it places stress, not on a subjective law that we ourselves create for our convenience, but chiefly in a divinely instituted Law. ... God has placed in our hearts an intimate knowledge of what is good and evil. There may not be any specific law which we violate when we sin, but that does not make sin any less sinful. Crucial to the understanding of all this is Romans 2:15. ... The nonexistence of a specific law forbidding an act or a life of sinfulness does not absolve a person from being lawless." -- AMG Complete WordStudy Dictionary, Zodhiates.

Even in Old Testament times people were not absolved of their transgressions simply because they did not know they had transgressed one of the laws (compare Leviticus 5:17 with Romans 5:14).

PURIFY FOR HIMSELF = Again the Greek word "heautou" (Strongs #G1438) meaning "himself," is in the singular form to agree with the singular phrase "our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ." Thus once again the grammar of these texts makes it clear that there is only one Person who is spoken of here as "our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ." The grammar is unmistakable: the Jehovah's Witness teaching against the Trinity is simply contrary to Scripture.

EAGER = The Greek "zelotes" (Strongs #G2207) means "zealot, zealous." This is in contrast to the Judaizers who were eager to drag people away from Christianity in order to conform to Jewish myths (Titus 1:14).

"At the time of Christ, the name "Zealots" was applied to a party among the Jews, half religious and half political, founded by Judas the Galilean (Acts 5:37). These undertook to punish without trial those guilty of violating Jewish practices, under which pretext they themselves committed the greatest excesses of crime." -- AMG Complete WordStudy Dictionary, Zodhiates.

WHAT IS GOOD = The Greek "kalos" (Strongs #G2570) means "good." Paul used variations of this phrase seven times in the little book of Titus: see Titus 1:8; 2:3; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14.

Tit 2:15

ENCOURAGE = The Greek "parakaleo" (Strongs #G3870) means "exhort, call for, exhort, encourage."

REBUKE = The Greek "elegcho" (Strongs #G1651) means "to prove someone wrong and thus to shame him."

AUTHORITY = The Greek "epitage" (Strongs #G2003) means "to impose a command upon someone."

DESPISE = The Greek "periphroneo" (Strongs #G4065) means "to ignore, deprecate, despise."

Tit 3:1

REMIND THE PEOPLE TO BE SUBJECT TO RULERS AND AUTHORITIES = Apparently Paul or Titus had previously spoken to the people about this subject, and now Titus is to "remind" them. Civil disobedience, except on matters of conscience, would hurt the work of Christ. Thus it is important for Christians to live as good law-abiding citizens.

SUBJECT TO = The Greek "hupotasso" (Strongs #G5293) means "to subjugate, place in submission, to subordinate." Scripture states that without question Christians are to place themselves under submission to authorities (in so far as by doing so they neither violate their conscience nor the Word of God [Acts 5:29]).

RULERS = The Greek "archay" (Strongs #G746) means "magistrate, power, ruler."

AUTHORITIES = The Greek "exousia" (Strongs #G1849) means "authority, power, jurisdiction."

TO BE OBEDIENT = The Greek "peitharkeo" (Strongs #G3980) means "to obey a person in authority."

WHATEVER IS GOOD = The Greek "agathos" (Strongs #G18) means "good, profitable, useful." Paul used variations of this phrase seven times in the little book of Titus: see Titus 1:8; 2:3; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14.

Tit 3:2

SLANDER = The Greek "blasphemeo" (Strongs #G987) means "to blaspheme, slander, hurt someone's reputation."

PEACEABLE = The Greek "amachos" (Strongs #G269) means "not a fighter, not contentious."

CONSIDERATE = The Greek "epieikes" (Strongs #G1933) means "fair, equitable, not assertive."

TRUE HUMILITY = The Greek "prastes" (Strongs #G4236) means "meekness, an inward grace and calmness."

Tit 3:3

AT ONE TIME WE TOO WERE = Paul, as a persecutor of Christians, was once of the same cloth as the Judaizers in the "circumcision group" (see Titus 1:10). By experiencing God's grace on the road to Damascus (Acts 9:1-8), Paul was able to preach "the kindness and love of God" as the greatest power on earth to change lives.

Tit 3:4

GOD OUR SAVIOR APPEARED = Paul uses this phrase three times in the book of Titus: Titus 1:3; 2:10; 3:4. A similar phrase is in Titus 2:13.

"'Appeared' (cf. Titus 2:11) looks back to the salvation manifested in the incarnate Christ. The salvation embodied in Him manifested two aspects of the nature of "God our Savior" : (1) his 'kindness' that prompted him to bestow forgiveness and blessings; (2) his 'love' or affection for us that he displayed in spite of our sin and degradation. These two concepts are closely connected and form one whole. Through his action in Christ, God is now revealed as 'our Savior.' 'Our' is strongly confessional and associates Paul with all those who have appropriated this Savior as their own (cf. Galatians 2:20)." NIVBC, Zondervan.

Tit 3:5

HE SAVED US = The Greek "sozo" (Strongs #G4982) means "to save, deliver, make whole." Grammatically it is an aorist active indicative meaning the "saving" has been done and is a present reality. In other words, we are saved now (1 John 5:13).

NOT BECAUSE OF THE RIGHTEOUS THINGS WE HAD DONE = Our salvation is the result of God's grace, and not our works. Salvation is God's mercy in action.

HE SAVED US THROUGH = The Holy Spirit is the means, or agent of our salvation, while Christ's death on the cross is the instrument by which our salvation is put into effect. The Holy Spirit leads us to the foot of the cross where we receive salvation from Christ.

REBIRTH = A reference to justification (see Titus 3:7).

RENEWAL = A reference to sanctification. Both justification and sanctification are due to God's mercy, and both are required in salvation.

"Regeneration is the entry into a new life and renewal is the effecting of the new life itself. The first can be understood as relating to conversion and the second to the bestowal of the Holy Spirit. There is much to be said for understanding rebirth here in the sense in which it is found in the teaching of Jesus (John 3:5)." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1314

"'Washing ... renewing.' The Holy Spirit renews us in regeneration. These two ideas are closely linked together as two ways of expressing the one work of the Spirit." -- The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, Moody Press, p. 1396

BY THE HOLY SPIRIT = The Holy Spirit is a Personal Being who enables sinners to be reborn again and renewed spiritually. This cannot be done by an "active force." Contrary to the Jehovah Witnesses' belief that the Holy Spirit is just an "active force" like electricity, "the idea of 'spirit' excludes not only the idea of material substance, but also that of inanimate substance. It implies that God (or in this case, the Holy Spirit) is alive." -- Lectures in Systematic Theology, by Henry C. Thiessen, Eerdmans, p. 76.

Tit 3:6

HE = Refers to "God our Savior" in Titus 3:4.

POURED OUT ON US = The Greek "ekcheo" (Strongs #G1632) means "to pour out, to spill." Here the reference is to God generously "pouring out" the Holy Spirit on us.

Jehovah's Witnesses teach the non-Biblical doctrine that the Holy Spirit is just a "force" (like electricity) and not a divine Person because, they say, "people" cannot be "poured out." Unfortunately Jehovah's Witnesses have never been known for good Biblical scholarship.

Does the fact Christ "pours" out the Holy Spirit mean the Holy Spirit is not a person? The Jehovah's Witnesses use that argument, but orthodox Christianity has no problem at all with a real person being capable of being "poured" out.

If the outpouring of the Holy Spirit (also see Acts 10:45) was evidence against personality, then the apostle Paul would not be a person either, because Paul wrote: “even if I am being poured out (the Greek "spendo" [Strong's #G4689] means "poured out") like a drink offering on the sacrifice and service coming from your faith, I am glad and rejoice with all of you” (Philippians 2:17). And: “I am already being poured out (the Greek "spendo" [Strong's #G4689] means "poured out") like a drink offering, and the time has come for my departure” (2 Timothy 4:6).

The Old Testament prophecy about Christ's death states: "I am poured out (the Hebrew "shaphakh" [Strong's #H8210] means "poured out") like water." Even though Jesus Christ was "poured out like water" on the cross, there is no question that He was and is a Person. Obviously these Old and New Testament statements are to be understood metaphorically.

Contrary to the Jehovah Witnesses' belief that the Holy Spirit is just an "active force" like electricity, "the idea of 'spirit' excludes not only the idea of material substance, but also that of inanimate substance. It implies that God (or in this case, the Holy Spirit) is alive." -- Lectures in Systematic Theology, by Henry C. Thiessen, Eerdmans, p. 76.

GENEROUSLY = The Greek "plousios" (Strong's #G4146) means "richly, abundantly, generously."

THROUGH JESUS CHRIST = The generous reception of the Holy Spirit follows our acceptance of Jesus Christ as our Savior (see Acts 8:15-17; Acts 15:8; Acts 19:2-7), and is the fulfillment of Christ's promise in John 16:7.

OUR SAVIOR = Both "God" and Jesus Christ are called "our Savior," indicating that both are members of the Godhead, and both play significant roles in our salvation.

Tit 3:7

JUSTIFIED = The Greek "dikaioo" (Strongs #G1344) means "to set forth as righteous, to declare righteous, to justify as a judicial act."

"It must be clearly understood that in the New Testament the verb 'dikaioo,' (meaning 'to justify'), never means to make anyone righteous or to do away with his violation of the law, by himself bearing the condemnation and the imposed sentence. In the New Testament, man in his fallen condition can never do anything in order to pay for his sinfulness and thus be liberated from the sentence of guilt that is upon him. ... In the New Testament the (grammatical construction of the) active voice means to recognize, to set forth as righteous, to declare righteous, to justify as a judicial act." -- AMG Complete WordStudy Dictionary, New Testament, Zodhiates.

"Justification is an action of God by which He declares persons as righteous (i.e., in true and right relationship to Himself). The basic fact of Biblical religion is that God pardons and accepts believing sinners. The doctrine of justification determines the whole character of Christianity as a religion of grace and faith. It defines the saving significance of Christ's life and death by relating both to God's law. It displays God's justice in condemning and punishing sin, His mercy in pardoning and accepting sinners, and His wisdom in exercising both attributes harmoniously together through Christ. It makes clear what faith is -- belief in Christ's atoning death and justifying resurrection, and trust in Him alone for righteousness. It makes clear what Christian morality is -- keeping the law out of gratitude to the Savior whose gift of righteousness made keeping the law needless for acceptance." -- The Concise Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Walter A. Elwell, editor, page 260.

Here it is stated that the believer has already been justified – past tense (also see note on Ephesians 2:8). Justification is synonymous with “salvation.” The believer has already been saved before sanctification occurs. Our salvation is based upon God’s grace and Christ’s work for us on the cross, not upon our good works. The believer’s certainty of salvation depends upon Christ’s work on the cross, and thus we may know we are saved (1 John 5:13). Once we are saved, the Holy Spirit urges us on through progressive sanctification. But once again, sanctification is through the power of the Holy Spirit, and not by our own initiative or work. Thus it is truly said: “For it is by grace you have been saved (past tense), through faith – and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God – not by works, so that no one can boast!” – Ephesians 2:9

BY HIS GRACE = The Greek "charis" (Strongs #G5485) means "grace." It is the absolute antithesis of the Greek word "erga" (Strongs #G2041) which means "works." Grace and works are mutually exclusive (Romans 11:6). Our salvation is determined solely on the basis of "grace" apart from works (Romans 3:23-24; Romans 6:23; Romans 11:6; Ephesians 2:4-5; Ephesians 2:8-9).

HEIRS = The Greek "kleronomos" (Strongs #G2818) means "an heir, an inheritance."

"It is another of Paul's themes to draw attention to our inheritance, and here he concentrates on 'eternal life.' He calls this a 'hope,' in the sense of something which is certain." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1315

ETERNAL = The Greek "aionios" (Strongs #G166) means "eternal, perpetual, without end." Some of the things that Scripture states are "eternal" and "without end" include:

a. God (Romans 16:26)

b. God's power (Romans 1:20)

c. The Holy Spirit (Hebrews 9:14)

d. The New Covenant Jesus made with the saved (Hebrews 13:20)

e. The Gospel (Revelation 14:6)

f. God's kingdom (2 Peter 1:11)

g. Our resurrected body is eternal (2 Corinthians 5:1)

h. Eternal life awaits the saved and eternal punishment awaits the wicked (Mathew 25:46; Titus 3:7)

i. The wicked experience eternal fire (Matthew 18:8; Matthew 25:41; Jude 1:7)

j. The devil experiences eternal fire (Matthew 25:41)

In each of these texts, the same Greek word ("aionios") is used. In each case it means the same: "eternal, perpetual, without end."

Tit 3:8

THIS IS A TRUSTWORTHY SAYING = Paul is referring to the immediately preceding sentence which begins in Titus 3:5 and concludes in Titus 3:7. The fact that God has saved us (justified us) by His grace means we are heirs of eternal life. This statement "is a trustworthy saying."

STRESS THESE THINGS = The entire epistle of Titus is Paul's instruction as to what Titus is to do and teach. He is to "stress" and focus on the things Paul has outlined so that "those who have trusted in God may be careful to devote themselves to doing what is good." The correct response to being saved by God's mercy is to do good works (James 2:18).

WHAT IS GOOD = The Greek "kalos" (Strongs #G2570) means "good." Paul used variations of this phrase seven times in the little book of Titus: see Titus 1:8; 2:3; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14.

"The implication is that a sound theological basis is indispensable for right actions." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1315

Tit 3:9

FOOLISH CONTROVERSIES = Among these "foolish controversies" are "genealogies." Judaism required careful genealogies to prove one's qualification to serve as priests (Nehemiah 7:64). Paul also commands Titus to avoid "arguments and quarrels about the law." Once again Paul is taking a swipe at the Judaizers (those of the "circumcision group"). See notes on Titus 1:10-11.

THE LAW = The Greek "nomikos" (Strongs #G3544) means "pertaining to the law, one skilled in the law, a lawyer."

New Testament references to "the law" generally mean the entire Old Covenant contained in the books of Moses (the "Torah"). Very seldom, if ever, does the New Testament single out the Ten Commandments as "the law."

In the Old Testament the word "Torah," meant "law." The term "Torah" was originally was applied to the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch, which includes the Ten Commandments). It was also used in connection with God's requirements, commands, and decrees, including the Ten Commandments. In a general sense, "Torah" included all God required of Israelites under their Old Covenant with God.

During New Testament times Jews generally began to think of their Old Testament Scriptures as consisting of three sections: the Torah (Law), the Prophets, and the Writings. However the Sadducees and Samaritans only accepted the Pentateuch as the inspired Torah.

In New Testament times, the traditions of the Pharisees went far beyond the Old Testament Scriptures, and came to be seen as the oral "torah." Jesus repeatedly rejected the oral laws ("torah") of the Pharisees.

Tit 3:10

DIVISIVE PERSON = The Greek "hairetikos" (Strongs #G141) means "heretic, one who is to be excluded from fellowship." A "heretic" is anyone who believes and teaches things contrary to Christianity. This can be a member of the "circumcision group" or "Judaizer," as it was at Crete in Paul's day. Or, today, it can be anyone who tries to pull followers away from Christianity, or who creates division in the church by a lifestyle or teaching that is contrary to Christianity. This person is to be warned twice and then disfellowshipped because he "is warped and sinful; he is self-condemned" (Titus 3:11). Also see notes on Romans 16:17; 1 Corinthians 5:2, 5, 7, 11, 13; Galatians 5:19-21; 1 Timothy 1:20.

WARN HIM A SECOND TIME = After two warnings, the church is to "have nothing to do with him." This means he is no longer welcome in the congregation, and no hospitality is given him whether within the church or within members' homes. The command is clear: "have nothing to do with him," do not fellowship with him.

Paul "draws a distinction between the teaching and the people involved. Every pastor must be concerned about people, especially those who are causing trouble in the community, and these must be warned. But Paul considers a double warning to be sufficient. Those intent on divisive activity are seldom likely to respond beyond this. Such a person, in Paul's (inspired) view, is bound to have a warped mind." -- New Bible Commentary, Wenham, Motyer, Carson, France, IVP, p. 1315

"As a schismatic he must be cautioned, but if after the second warning he remains unrepentant there must be no further contact with him (see Matthew 18:15-17). One who is unmoved by such treatment reveals himself to be completely 'warped and sinful' and stands 'self-condemned.'" -- The International Bible Commentary, F. F. Bruce, Zondervan, p. 1496

Tit 3:11

YOU MAY BE SURE = Paul renews his three-fold curse on the Judaizers by referring to them as "warped," "sinful," and "self-condemned." Previously he called them "detestable," "disobedient," and "unfit for doing anything good" (Titus 2:16).

WARPED = The Greek "ekstrepho" (Strongs #G1612) means "turned out of place, warped, perverted."

SINFUL = The Greek "hamartano" (Strongs #G264) means "one who keeps missing the target."

SELF-CONDEMNED = The Greek "autokatakritos" (Strongs #G834) means "self-condemned, passing sentence upon oneself."

"This is either voluntarily cutting oneself off from the church in open revolt, or, by renouncing his faith, rendering himself incapable of receiving the privileges and blessings to which he is entitled. He is actually judging, or declaring himself unworthy of the blessings tendered by the church." -- AMG Complete WordStudy Dictionary, New Testament, Zodhiates.

Tit 3:12

ARTEMAS = A fellow worker with Paul's and possible replacement on Crete for Titus. Christian tradition records that Artemas became bishop of Lystra (the home of Timothy).

TYCHICUS = A fellow worker with Paul. Tychicus worked in Ephesus and later died as a martyr.

NICOPOLIS = A city on the west coast of Greece. The name means "city of victory." Octavius founded this city on the campsite from which he mounted his successful battle of Actium.

Tit 3:13

ZENAS THE LAWYER = A Christian lawyer, who along with Apollos, probably delivered this letter from Paul to Titus.

APOLLOS = A learned and gifted preacher who worked with Paul, and later was based in Corinth.

Tit 3:14

OUR PEOPLE MUST LEARN = It is not natural for new Christians to "do what is good," therefore they must be taught. Jesus anticipated that mature Christians would teach new believers to obey "everything I have commanded you" (Matthew 28:20).

WHAT IS GOOD = The Greek "kalos" (Strongs #G2570) means "good." Paul used variations of this phrase seven times in the little book of Titus: see Titus 1:8; 2:3; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14.

UNPRODUCTIVE LIVES = The Greek "akarpos" (Strongs #G174) means "unfruitful, unprofitable." The essence of Christianity is make disciples by sharing the good news of Jesus Christ. It is true that Christianity begins with me and my salvation, but it must quickly switch to saving others. If this change of focus is not made, the Christian will decay and live an unproductive life. Jesus uttered serious warnings about people who do not produce fruit for Him (Luke 13:6-9; Luke 19:12-26).

Tit 3:15

GREET THOSE WHO LOVE US = Even in his closing remarks, Paul draws a distinction between the Judaizers who work against him, and the loyal Christians who have kept the faith.

Sydney Cleveland, 172 Suncrest Drive, Greenwood, IN 46143 317 885-8122

scleveland@prodigy.net

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